Marketing Definition

Advertising Definition Advertising is a significant angle in the business world, however what precisely is showcasing? This inquiry is indispensable to know so as to be fruitful in the business world. Advertising definitions might be worded contrastingly by various individuals, yet the definition is the equivalent no matter how you look at it. Promoting is likewise significant for hierarchical achievement, when the definition is completely understood.Marketing is the procedure that organizations use so as to show clients their items/administrations. It is imperative to recall this is a procedure. There are numerous other key elements associated with showcasing including investigating, advancing, selling, and appropriating the items/administrations. BusinessDictionary.com characterizes promoting as ‚ÂManagement process through which merchandise and ventures move from idea to the client. As a way of thinking, it depends on contemplating the business as far as client needs and their fulfillment. As a tra ining, it comprises in coordination of four components called 4P's: (1) recognizable proof, choice, and improvement of an item, (2) assurance of its value, (3) determination of a dispersion channel to arrive at the client's place, and (4) advancement and execution of a limited time strategy.Market Square, EnniscorthyMarketing contrasts from selling in light of the fact that (in the expressions of Harvard Business School's emeritus educator of promoting Theodore C. Levitt) Selling frets about the stunts and procedures of getting individuals to trade their money for your item. It isn't worried about the qualities that the trade is about. What's more, it doesn't, as advertising perpetually does, see the whole business process as comprising of a firmly coordinated exertion to find, make, stir, and fulfill client needs (2009). Another meaning of showcasing from MarketingPower Inc. states, ‚ÂMarketing is the movement, set of foundations, and procedures for making, conveying, conveyin g, and trading contributions that have an incentive for clients, customers, accomplices, and society at largeâ‚â (2009).In request...

Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

The Life Cycle of Zhou-zhuang Presentation This exposition targets introducing chronicled data and improvement foundation of Zhou-zhuang, deciding which phase of advancement it is at and assessing its future advancement pattern. We applied Butler⠡â ¯s Model of Life Cycle to assess Zhou-zhuang⠡â ¯s current stage and future turn of events. The paper will be formed into three sections. The initial segment will discuss Zhou-zhuang⠡â ¯s investigation stage, the subsequent part will be given to its improvement stage and the third part will be added to an assessment on Zhou-zhuang⠡â ¯s current stage in the existence circle and its future advancement pattern. Investigation On account of a well known painter Yifei Chen⠡â ¯s canvas, The Memory of Hometown, Zhou-zhuang⠡â ¯s Double Bridge in Misty Rain has been a celebrated picture of Zhou-zhuang and step by step announced this peaceful town to the outside world since 1984. Zhou-zhuang, around then, just had a populace of 2000, the majority of which carried on with an actual existence on planting rice. Their yearly earnings only sometimes surpassed 800 Yuan. Be that as it may, the improvement of Zhou-zhuang appears to be a tad in the idea of things, since it goes easily just as quickly. Improvement In 1983, Wu Guanzhong, who was an extremely renowned painter came to outline in Zhou-zhuang, and he communicated his emotion: ¡Ã‚ °Huangshan Mountain focuses the excellence of Chinese mountains and streams, while Zhou-zhuang thinks the magnificence of Chinese watery regions.⠡â ± These words put incredible hues to Zhou Village⠡â ¯s acclaim. In 1988, the main township the travel industry administration organization was set up in Jiangsu region, and 38 landscapes of humanities in about 0.47 square kilometers have embraced rebuilding and reconstruction. ¡Ã‚ °The old town trio of Zhou-zhuang⠡â ±became one of the 16 hot agendas which were elevated to worldwide market. In 1989, Shen Hall opened to open, and Zhou-zhuang Tourism Service Company gave entrance tickets just because with a cost of 0.6RMB. In the time of 1994, Zhou-zhuang created to a more extensive reach out, for Zhang Hall, Chengxu Taoist Temple, and Mi Building opened individually. Around the same time, the passage tickets with pictures of Shen Hall, Zhang Hall, Chengxu Taoist Temple, and Mi Building imprinted on were distributed, and the value flooded to 10RMB. From the time of 1995, the quantity of voyagers to Zhou-zhuang expanded quickly consistently with a yearly pace of over 30%. In the interim, the earnings of occupants there, which profit by the travel industry, additionally expanded at the pace of over 30% consistently. In 1999, Zhou-zhuang got guests about 1.25million both abroad and home; in 2000, the number was 1.

Globalization of the Media: A Bicultural Woman’s View Essay

Does globalization mean we’re being molded into considering just CNN or Al Jazeera when debacle strikes and we need point by point updates on an occasion? Indeed, likely, in light of the fact that numerous media in the Arab world miss the mark concerning the assignment of giving great, precise, news that’s to the point. Would we be able to confront globalization? Would it be a good idea for us to be a piece of it? What instruments would we be able to control to further our potential benefit? What job would women be able to play in globalization of the media? Do they face snags? Doesn’t it hurt us when outside writers report wrong data about us? Shouldn’t we help them by making it simple to get the correct data and not fall into a similar snare of doing to them what they do to us? 1. Requirement FOR UNDERSTANDING and BALANCED INFORMATION ON BOTH SIDES: We need more media that can comprehend our social foundations and cultural needs on the two sides of the social partition †for example those that find some kind of harmony between exact data and comprehension of the story’s foundation. Very regularly columnists are parachuted into a nation to cover a hot story without having strong establishing in the subject. This applies to Arabs just as Americans and Europeans. I’ve witnessed it in numerous nations and we have to redress that. U.S. furthermore, European journalists regularly show up on Arab shores with no idea of what’s occurring in the nation or the locale, next to zero information on Arabic (or French) and anticipating that everybody should comprehend them in English, for instance. Some don’t get their work done and don’t read about the foundation that prompted late clashes, as though they exist in a vacuum. It’s a significant disappointment on their part. An American journalist I know was too frightened to even consider entering Tripoli (Lebanon) during one of the major firefights of the Lebanese common war, took a taxi to the edge of the city, saw a few trades from a separation, ran back to Beirut, documented the story with a Tripoli dateline and continued to detail the seething fight which he never truly observed. There are numerous such stories from everywhere throughout the world. That’s an incredible injury to the perusers, watchers, audience members and programs. 2. THE GENDER PROBLEM: On the sexual orientation front, an Arab lady writer might be fortunate to cover a similar news as a man, yet she can’t anticipate a similar compensation. Why? â€Å"There’s a roof ladies can’t enter in media and government,† says May Kahale, a veteran columnist and media consultant to previous Lebanese president Elias Hrawi. Mona Ziade, news manager at The Daily Star in Lebanon, noticed that women’s inclusion of legislative issues and different â€Å"serious issues† is genuinely later and keeps on raising male doubts. Which is the reason ladies need to endeavor more enthusiastically to substantiate themselves and maintain exceptionally proficient measures to be paid attention to, and be regarded. As indicated by Dr. Mohammad Ibrahim Ayesh of Sharjah University, the odds of Arab ladies in the media are as yet constrained contrasted with men and the absence of chances for proficient development is a significant depressant they face in media associations. He ascribed this to customary generalizing of ladies in the media as purchasers just worried about excellence and design and coming up short on the capacity to think and decide. Another obstruction is that media work requires adaptable hours and versatility, which regularly clashes with the duties of wedded ladies, who have youngsters and homes, he included. Why don’t we have accounts of ladies who have prevailing in this field featured in our own media? Why don’t we make them accessible to outside media in their own dialects? It doesn’t take virtuoso, a tad of exertion. I spent numerous years covering the Pentagon (notwithstanding the White House, State Department and Congress) and delighted recorded as a hard copy on resistance and security issues, concentrating on weapons, quick arrangement powers, low force fighting, fear mongering and atomic expansion. Dominance of dialects is significant. It’s helped me by and large. Understanding Farsi (with my order of Arabic) helped me main stories in Tehran; realizing Greek empowered me to interpret the Cyrillic letters in order while on task in Moscow and keeping in mind that living in Cyprus; and being conversant in French has served me in numerous areas, similar to North Africa and somewhere else. Thinking and talking in English’s numerous varieties is my quality. On the off chance that ladies are to substantiate themselves in the field †and many have exceeded expectations throughout the years †they ought to get their work done, and that's just the beginning. They should continue pushing that official unfair limitation by being specialists in regions not considered â€Å"women’s issues.† 3. HOW ARAB MEDIA SHOULD COUNTERATTACK: On November 26, the Arab League opened a two-day gathering to talk about how to manage the world’s enthusiasm to liken Islam with psychological warfare and began a store with an underlying $1 million gift to fund research and distributions to advance discourse among civic establishments. That’s extraordinary, yet we have to guarantee the accessibility of satellite communicates (for the most part in English), great utilization of the Internet, and a multitude of well-spoken communicators who can pass on the thoughts of harmony, normal humankind and reasonableness to all in non-logical language, short solid chomps and digital kilobits. Middle Easterner media need to counter-assault, however I would contend that to do as such, they should act conclusively, instantly and solidly. The Detroit Free Press, distributed in the city with the United States’ most focused Arab-American populace, is attempting to more readily comprehend and clarify issues concerning Arab-Americans and Muslims. It has a rundown called â€Å"100 Questions and Answers About Arab-Americans: A Journalist㠯⠿â ½s Guide† to help with increasingly exact journalistic depictions of Arab-Americans, their experiences, culture, religions. The Florida-based Poynter Institute, which has practical experience in media matters, ran an online article called â€Å"Understanding Ramadan† with connections to different locales writers could use as assets. Similarly great were two highlights in the Seattle Times Online called â€Å"Understanding Turbans† and â€Å"Interpreting Veils† with representations and portrayals of hoods worn by men and spreads for ladies. We ought to have such data helpful to give our media contacts. Talking on Arab-American points of view on the counter psychological warfare war, the leader of the Arab-American Institute in Washington, James Zogby, conveyed the Secretary of State’s Open Forum address in December, noticing that his locale can assume a crossing over job in the Middle East. â€Å"We comprehend the truth of the region,† he said. â€Å"We likewise need to have contribution to the conversations about how we approach the Middle East.† So what do perusers in America, for instance, truly need? Pam Johnson composes on the Poynter Institute site that global news needs significance. â€Å"For numerous Americans, what occurs in the Middle East, Western Europe, Great Britain, Afghanistan, the Indian sub-mainland, and the remainder of North America presently is a subject of extraordinary interest,† she said. â€Å"Similarly, occasions in the United States that are identified with the U.S.- drove ‘War on Terrorism’ take on more noteworthy importance.† The Columbia Journalism Review of November/December 1997 ran a story entitled â€Å"Reporting Foreign News: Who Gives a Damn?† Creator James F. Hoge, Jr. composed that with the exception of the breakdown of the Soviet Union in 1989-90, the inclusion of global news in American media had consistently declined since the late seventies, when the virus war lost its feeling of unavoidable risk. The explanation: A world less threatening to America is less newsy, he revealed. Or on the other hand as one TV official stated, â€Å"sunshine is a meteorological forecast, a furious tempest is news.† Writers have likewise overlooked students of history, composed Charles Bowen in Editor and Publisher. He highlighted another history-rich site called History News Network (www.historynewsnetwork.org) as a possibly amazing asset, giving connected features to its most recent investigations. Shouldn’t the Arab World have something like fill its needs? George Krimsky, a veteran remote reporter and editorial manager with the Associated Press, who currently has a counseling firm, co-wrote an extremely helpful book called â€Å"Bringing the World Home: Showing Readers Their Global Connections.† It’s a significant asset for Americans who don’t see a connection between their own terraces and the universe on the loose. Bedouins can help by discovering joins between what intrigues Americans and their own area. It just requires schoolwork, research, and determination. A few associations grant writers for the work they do and hazards they take to educate us about what’s occurring on the planet, or even in our own neighborhoods. We should bolster these honors and make commendable prizes. I was cheered to discover that the gathering of Arab news agencies’ league which met in Doha in December suggested the foundation of the federation’s own web webpage in English and Arabic and another website to counter the negative picture depicted in the apparent crusade against Arabs and Muslims. I might even now want to see more references put forth to women’s support in that attempt and notice of how the picture of ladies in the Arab world can be introduced in a positive light, not by means of generalizations. â€Å"Empowering Arab and Muslim ladies is the way to annihilating psychological warfare at its source† was the feature of an article by Lebanese writer Saad Mehio in The Daily Star Dec. 12, 2001. 4. Suggestions: Considering all that, here are my suggestions for positive change: Ladies writers ought to have realities prepared readily available, pose canny inquiries, be persevering without being upsetting, show irregularities in what’s being said and done, docum

Analysis Eagle Ford Shale - 2774 Words

Eagle Ford Shale Play Introduction The Eagle Ford shale formation in south Texas has recently become the focus of many oil industry operators searching for new sources of hydrocarbons by using the latest technology in previously unexplored areas. This exploration enhances the development of even more advanced techniques as issues are identified and problems solved to address the unique properties of the formation and the surrounding surface environment. Even though a formation may be comprised of a single sedimentary layer from a similar geological time frame it is not a homogeneous block and has many features and anomalies that effect the pressure, permeability, type of hydrocarbons trapped and methods required to extract them. To understand these properties one must understand that shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction of silt and clay placing it in the mudstone category of rocks [1]. Shale is different from other rocks in this category because it has a fissile structure and is lami nated. The black shale in the Eagle Ford formation (Fig 1.) has a special property such that it contained organic material when it was deposited and during compaction over a millennium, the organic materials were converted into trapped oil and gas hydrocarbon deposits. This oil and gas are very difficult to remove because it is trapped within tiny pore spaces and or adsorbed onto clay mineral particles that makeup the shale. The Eagle Ford Shale is aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Eagle Ford Shale Play2337 Words   |  10 PagesEagle Ford Shale Play Introduction Since the beginning of the oilfield in the United States, Texas has been one of the leading states in this industry. In 1866, Lyne T. Barret drilled the first producing oil well at Melrose in Nacogdoches County [7]. From here, more wells were brought in, but the big Texas oil revolution began at a well-called Lucas No. 1. 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This is why the external analysis is so important and must be evaluated on a regularRead MoreOil And Gas Industry : The United States Government Restricted The Export Of Domestically Produced Crude Oil1385 Words   |  6 Pagescurrent trend of independent EP companies shifting their projects towards North American shale plays would be accelerated, as the economics would become too attractive in comparison to competing for international projects (Grande 2014). A large part of why the domestic supply has rocketed recently is because of the output from shale plays, primarily the Bakken in North Dakota and the Eagle Ford in Texas. Shale fields typically produce lighter oil, which leads into another point. There is a mismatchRead MoreSources Of Oil And Gas Essay1960 Words   |  8 Pagesfor alternative resources of energy. In a volatile oil price movement, unconventional resources are viewed as important and economically attractive for future continuous supply. 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Table 2 illustrates the population, unemployment rate, state GDP, real GDP, and GDP per capitaRead MoreCapabilities Of Natural Gas Fracking2222 Words   |  9 Pageshave also been able to do onsite treatment preventing the need for transportation thus aiding the environment. The waste that is processed leaves water that can be used by the public and the waste that can’t be used is used as a filler for other deep shale deposits to prevent contamination. One problem with fracking back then in the 1900’s was that pipes were inefficient with sealing gas leaks which led to environmental contamination. Nowad ays pipelines are stronger and have sensors and cameras to senseRead MoreEvaluating The Economic Impacts Of Pipeline Useage On The Texas10470 Words   |  42 Pagesthat it results in overall cost reduction of oil per barrel. This research introduces a Multi-Objective Linear Programming (LP) Model that represents Texas such that it clusters the oil refineries in a particular area as one and then uses the Pareto Analysis to identify the oil producing districts that contribute to almost 70% of total oil production in Texas with respect to the tradeoffs between the different proportions of pipeline being used from each oil producing districts and supply chain costsRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure

Annotated Bibliography On Lte Deployment - 3024 Words

IT 377 Graduate research paper LTE deployment in Small cells Submitted by Anuya Prabhu Abstract: With the advent of high technological advancements in the field of telecommunication, it has become necessary to provide full capacity network coverage and high data rates to a user at all places. The research paper will focus on introducing small cells as a solution to the user needs by giving an overview of different kinds of architectures for LTE deployment in small cells and coordination techniques for synchronization between these architectures. The research paper will also include the analysis of mobility between systems working on 3GPP and non 3GPP standards. Mobile operators are working on Network Densification by deploying†¦show more content†¦Assistance with the current macro cell is required to power the small cells and coordinate with internet and radio backhaul and maintaining the Quality of Service (QOS) in the process [1]. Figure 1 LTE deployment in small cells Why small cells? Small cells are beneficial in terms of the following aspects: 1) Coverage: Adding capacity to high traffic areas and extend coverage to hard-to-reach locations and indoor sites. 2) Capacity: Enhancing localized coverage 3) Data offloading: Providing robust 4G LTE coverage to customers in challenging coverage areas Small cells mainly consist of the femtocells, picocells, and microcells. The network can also be known by â€Å"distributed radio technology† which consists of centralized baseband units and remote radio heads. â€Å"Beamformingtechnology (focusing a radio signal on a very specific area) can be utilized to further enhance or focus small cell coverage†. The common factor binding all of these technologies is that all are centrally managed. [13] The range of small is from 10 meters within urban and in-building locations to 2 km for a rural location. Picocells and microcells can also have a range of a few hundred meters to a few kilometres, but femto cells do not have the self-arranging capability. [13] There is need for backhaul to connect the small cells to the core network, internet

The Human Brain vs. the Computer Essay Example For Students

The Human Brain vs. the Computer Essay Over the millennia, Man has come up with countless inventions, each moreingenious than the last. However, only now, as the computer arises thatmankinds sentience itself is threatened. Ridiculous, some may cry, but I saylook about you! The computer has already begun to hold sway over so many of thevital functions that man has prided himself upon before. Our lives are nowdependent upon the computer and what it tells you. Even now, I type this essayupon a computer, fully trusting that it will produce a result far superior towhat I can manage with my own to hands and little else. It has been commonly said that the computer can never replace the humanbrain, for it is humans that created them. Is this a good reason why thecomputer must be inferior to humans? Is it always true that the object cannotsurpass its creator? How can this be true? Even if we just focus on a singlecreation of man, say the subject of this essay, the computer, there are manyways in which the computer has the edge over man. Let us start with basiccalculation. The computer has the capability to evaluate problems that man canhardly even imagine, let alone approach. Even if a man can calculate the sameproblems as a computer, the computer can do it far faster than he can possiblyachieve. Let us go one step further. Say this man can calculate as fast as acomputer, can he, as the computer can, achieve a 100% rate of accuracy in hiscalculation? Why do we now go over the human data entry into a computer when amistake is noticed instead of checking the computer? It is because computersnow possess t he ability to hold no error in its operation, where mankind has notadvanced in this area in any noticeable margin. Why do you think the wordshuman error and to err is human have become so popular in recent years? Itis because the failings of the human race are becoming more and more exposed asthe computer advances and becomes more and more omnipotent. Perhaps the computer is not truly a competitor with the human brain butrather its ideal. After all, the computer is far superior to the human brain inthose aspects where the brain is weakest. It is perhaps the attempt of thehuman brain to attain perfection after realising its own weaknesses. If youthink about it carefully, do those who use the computer not use it supplementtheir own creative input? Maybe it is the subconscious attempt by us atreaching the next stage of evolution by our minds, creating a machine to do allthe dirty work for us while we sit back and allow our brains to focus oncreating, or destroying, as the case may be. This machine is the compensationfor the human brains weaknesses. The human brain has flaws in abundance, yet it also has many an edgeover the computer. It has the capacity to create, unlike the computer, and itcan work without full input, making logical assumptions about problems. Aperson can work with a wide variety of methods, seeing new, more efficient waysof handling problems. It can come up with infinite ways of getting aroundproblems encountered in day to day life, whilst a computer has a limitedrepertoire of new tricks it can come up with, limited by its programming. Should improved programming be introduced, it is the human brain that figuresout the programming that will allow leeway for any improvements as vaguelyconceived by the human brain. It is the human brain that conceptualises theformulae and methods by which the computer goes about its work. The human brain,given the time, can learn to understand anything, it can grasp the centralconcept of any concept, whilst the computer tends to take all things in theirentirety, which makes some problems near impossible to solve. Emotions too arean asset. Emotions allow the human brain to have evolved beyond a problem-solving machine. In truth, one characteristic of sentience, as we know it, isemotional maturity! Even a one-year-old baby knows infinitely more aboutemotions than the most sophisticated computers. Emotions open the mind to vast,new realms of possibilities. The reason why computers cannot create is becauseof the lack of emotions. Anger allows the imagination to roam, inventingconcepts of new, ever more powerful weapons of destruction. Discontent inducesthe mind to conceive of new methods of fulfilment that could be expanded intosomething more. Puzzlement causes the mind to think of solutions. Curiosityleads to attempts to satisfy it, producing new discoveries and revelations. .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb , .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb .postImageUrl , .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb , .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb:hover , .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb:visited , .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb:active { border:0!important; } .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb:active , .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue41c820f2fbcf740a0888cc9697ed1fb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Serial Killer Observation EssayThe computer, on the other hand, though lacking in many aspects, isclearly the superior in many other aspects. In sheer speed of computation andretrieval of data, the computer is obviously by far the stronger. It has thecapacity to handle things on a far grander scale than the human brain could everconceive. The capacity to organise is massively improved as compared to thehuman brain. Measurements, results, applications can all be done down to thetiniest details, far beyond the human brains capabilities. Calculations can bedone with an accuracy nearly impossible to achieve manually. A certainuniformity can be achieved in its functions, someth ing a human can hardly hopeto achieve. The human brain has many flaws just as it has advantages. The randommindset of the human brain gives allowance for many mistakes to be made. Thoughtechnically the potential is there, this potential is never realised. I referto the potential to compute and store memory as efficiently or even more so thana computer. If potential cannot be realised, it is useless and the truecapability of the object is its present capability. The human brain can neverperform tasks as efficiently or as tirelessly than the computer. This isbecause the human brain can get bored quite easily and tends to stray from thetask at hand. The computer does not get tired or bored, it just sits there andworks, no problems. The human brain is a constant. The ability of it has notchanged any time in recorded history, only the knowledge of man has changed, andthis knowledge is invested in the computer anyway. The computer has altereddrastically for the better in such a short period of time that it is incredible. The computer has had improvements added to it almost non-stop, from a simplecalculation device into a marvel of modern science, whilst the human braincannot do anything but just stays there, not changing, not improving. Emotionscan, too, be a liability as well as an asset. Emotions make the minddangerously unstable, performance subject to moods and emotional disruption. The computer suffers no such problems. The human brain is easily stressed outby events and loses effectiveness when tired. Emotions blur the human brainscapacity to make clear, logical decisions, even when they are thrown before itseyes, and impair problem-solving capabilities. Age also has a devastatingeffect on the function of the human brain. Once senility sets in, the brain isof little use to anyone, and the person becomes a liability. Computers are far from perfect themselves. Computers have only alimited capacity for learning and even this usually is not entirely accurate,for the computer lacks the common sense of the human brain, thus it cannotaccurately realise its own mistake, if any. For example, a computer may send a$10 million tax bill to a person earning $30000 a year and not blink an eye, forif there is a bug in the program, it cannot go in by itself and change it. Itwould not even realise that it was making a mistake until a human spots it andcorrects it. Also, a computer cannot create, for creation requires a curiosityand the capacity for independent thought, which is something the computer willnot have, at least in the near future. Lacking the ability to create, it cannottruly pose a threat to mankind, but once it does acquire this ability, it willthen be set to take over from the human brain. The human brain is as incredible as it is flawed, whilst the computer isa fantastic machine, but seriously lacking in many aspects. While neither isperfect on its own, together they complement each other so perfectly that it isa heck of a potent combination. (1436 words) Category: Science

Martin Scorsese Research Paper free essay sample

Since the dawn of filmmaking, directors have used their personal experiences to influence their films. They try to evoke some form of emotion out of the viewer based off of something that they find very familiar to them. Martin Scorsese’s Italian heritage helped to shape his directorial style in films. Martin Scorsese was constantly surrounded by all things Italian. He was born on November 17, 1942 in Corona, Queens, New York (LoBrutto, 11). He lived in Corona, an Italian dominated suburb of New York. His parents decided to move there because they wanted their children to escape â€Å"the constant exposure to life’s realities on the Lower East Side† (LoBrutto, 11). Corona seemed like a little Sicily in New York to Scorsese. Scorsese lived near many of his aunts and uncles, which he enjoyed because he loved having his family around. Some of his family members have made cameos in a few of his films. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Scorsese Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Scorsese had developed asthma at the age of three. At the time, doctors knew little information about asthma and how to treat it. People in the Italian-American community had the belief that asthma sufferers brought it upon themselves psychologically, and saw people who had it as â€Å"weak, sensitive, and sickly† (LoBrutto, 13). Martin Scorsese’s doctor advised his parents to keep him indoors and to have him avoid anything that would get him too excited. In Vincent LoBrutto’s book Martin Scorsese: A Biography, He quotes that Scorsese’s doctor said â€Å"Keep them quiet and calm. They are emotionally charged, ‘high strung’ and any exposure to extreme situations could trigger an attack. They must be protected from the dangers in the air they breathe and the uncertainties outside of the controlled environment of their home† (LoBrutto, 13). His parents were very reliant on the doctor’s words. Scorsese was stuck inside the walls of his house for most of his childhood, rather than outside playing in his backyard. He felt isolated and under constant watch. Because of his disposition, Scorsese began to develop a growing interest in art and movies (Lipton). Instead of playing sports, Martin would be taken to the movie theatres by his parents or brother. Because of his growing fascination for films, young Scorsese started making his own storyboards, shot by shot illustrations similar to that of a comic strip (Lipton). From that time in his life, he knew he had a passion for  cinema. â€Å"Martin Scorsese’s view from his room onto the world of the street was so limited that the height and width of the open window became the aspect ratio for the films he would make, even before he knew he was going to be a filmmaker† (Lobrutto, 25). Today, he sees what a large role his asthma had on putting him in the path that lead to the successful career he has now. Martin Scorsese went to New York University, where he studied film. Some of his early works include Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Who’s That Knocking at My Door? and Mean Streets. Mean Streets, the most critically acclaimed of the three, is considered an autobiographical movie about Scorsese. It recreates life on the streets where Scorsese grew up. This film was about his home, the kinds of people he knew and the music he listened to (Lipton). The movie addresses his life in â€Å"Little Sicily†, New York, and the Roman Catholic religion. Charlie, the main character, seems like a mirror image of Scorsese. Charlie is a very religious person who is content with Little Sicily and all that is in it. He simply wants to get ahead in life and help people like his best friend Johnny Boy, which he believes might act as a sort of penance for the sins he commits in his daily life (Ebert). Scorsese’s exposure to gangsters and priests, and how everybody respected the priests most in the town have had a great influence on the films he creates. His stern belief that priests could attain â€Å"the quickest route to salvation from original and accumulated sins† (Lobrutto, 33), led him to pursue priesthood; but after a failed attempt at giving up movies for Lent, and getting kicked out of a seminary, this aspiration quickly died. His films, however, often address the issue of religion and God, and his protagonists frequently find themselves at the point of â€Å"redemption†. Taxi Driver one of Martin’s biggest early success, displays this struggle between goodness and sin, and is considered Martin’s first big success as a professional director. He considers this film as â€Å"a film that came from the heart† (Scorsese).

The notion that a state of freedom exists in America

The notion that a state of freedom exists in America is completely voided by narcotic laws. Narcotic laws cause a black market, which raises the prices of drugs to astronomical levels. These high prices cause drug addicts to turn to crime in order to support their habit. There exists substantial evidence that marijuana is less harmful than legal product like alcohol or nicotine. The war on drugs is comparable to the Vietnam War, in its harm on the current generation of minorities. The government avoids ending anti-narcotic legislation because of the vast amount of capital, which is spent on the war on drugs in terms of law enforcement and prison systems. Also there are many legislators whose campaign corner stones are often getting tough on drugs, to make an about face would mean political suicide. Yes, drugs are illegal. This very fact is what discourages many Americans from using drugs. The illegalities of the substances in question do not stop all people from using. Despite the severe punishment users of illicit drugs face if caught, illicit drug use is widespread in the United States. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse's 1992 National Household Survey, more than one in three Americans (36.2%) have used illegal drugs at least once in their lifetime, nearly 28 million Americans (11.1%) used them in the previous year, and almost 14 million Americans (5.5%) used them during the past month (Ivey). This is clear evidence that the war is not workin g. Drug addicts will continue using drugs regardless of the penalties associated with procession, simply because they are addicted to these dangerous substances and that takes precedence over fear or respect of the law. The White House Office of Drug Control Policy estimate that 20 percent of the nations cocaine users consume 66 percent of the nations cocaine (Ritter 2). For these addicts, attainment of drugs takes precedence over possible jail ti...

Assignment Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Essay - 1

Assignment Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management (Benchmark Assessment) - Essay Example Delivery of healthcare needs a continuous improvement of the quality in order to increase patient satisfaction rates. Since the nurses are the closet to the patients with regard to delivery of healthcare, they have the greatest opportunity to constantly identify areas in which to improve the quality of healthcare. However, as Feldman and Alexander (2012) say, the nurses cannot do this in a vacuum; they need an environment that will make it possible for them to improve the quality of services. Everyone in the healthcare environment has an opportunity as well as a responsibility to be involved in the continuous quality improvement. Continuous quality improvement should be the ethos of any healthcare facility. Needless to say, nurse managers have a very important role in making sure that the healthcare environment has the right facilities and conditions to facilitate continuous quality improvement. Since nurses have such a big role to play and are a very important resource in the implementation of the continuous quality improvement, how they are managed by nurse managers determines to what extent they are capable of implementing the continuous quality improvement programs within their area of practice. In this regard, there exists a number of management practices that such managers should consider in helping nurses to practice and facilitate continuous quality improvement. Apparently, management and leadership and are two diverse issues and this has an effect on the way nurses are capable of been productive in their work. Leadership, in the context of continuous quality improvement, has a better chance of delivering success and making it possible for the nurses to continually improve their services. For any healthcare facility to be able to benefit from nurse leadership as much as possible, it would be necessary to have the systems that help in

Health Care Reform Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Health Care Reform - Research Paper Example It was in this context that new health care reforms were introduced. These reforms have given America's people, lots of rights and benefits regarding their health options but also have brought in some inconveniences along with that. The need for reforms Ten years back, around 45 million Americans were still outside insurance coverage (Garson). Kronenfeld and Kronenfeld have observed that â€Å"health care reform, or modification of the US health care system so that affordable, high-quality health care services are available to every one, is a public policy issue that has received discussion in the United States off an on since World War II† (1). One major criticism that arose from the period of George Bush’s Presidentship was that, â€Å"once the events of September 11, 2011, and the war with Iraq in 2003 led to a greater focus on international concerns and terrorism, the prominence of health care issues became fairly low† (Kronenfeld and Kronenfeld, 1). It was i n this backdrop that public demand arose for a health care reform. The 'Acts' The health reforms comprise of two bills (The Economist). Patient Protection and Affordability Care Act became was introduced and adopted in March 2010 (Healthcare.gov). The second has been a â€Å"reconciliation† act which was added to the reform package to compensate some of the pitfalls in the initial act (The Economist). This reform has been termed as the â€Å"biggest reform of health care in the country for 40 years† (BBC). This reform has also been hailed as an act to end â€Å"some of the worst abuses of the insurance industry† (Healthcare.gov). The government sponsored web site, Healthcare.gov, has also described this act in terms of its benefits to the citizens in the following words: These reforms will give Americans new rights and benefits, including helping more children get health coverage, ending lifetime and most annual limits on care, and giving patients access to reco mmended preventive services without cost-sharing. These reforms will apply to all new health plans, and to many existing health plans as they are renewed. Many other new benefits of the law have already taken effect, including rebate checks for seniors in the Medicare donut hole and tax credits for small businesses. Advantages This new law has also extended â€Å"the life of the Medicare Trust fund at least 12 years† thereby benefiting the senior citizens (Healthcare.gov). This is supposed to be brought about by â€Å"reducing waste, fraud and abuse, and slowing cost growth in Medicare† (Healthcare.gov). The expectation is that, â€Å"this will provide [the beneficiaries][†¦] with future cost savings on [†¦] premiums and coinsurance† (Healthcare.gov). One ambitious declaration made by President Barek Obama has been that medicare fraud will be reduced by â€Å"50 percent by 2012† (Healthcare.gov). Another major feature of this act has been that i t, â€Å"starting in 2014, the Affordable Care Act offers additional protections for Medicare Advantage Plan members by taking strong steps that limit the amount these plans spend on administrative costs, insurance company profits, and things other than health care†

Volvo Car Coporation Essay Example for Free

Volvo Car Coporation Essay Volvo Car Corporation is rewriting the rulebook on how the cars in the future will look with the 3CC prototype being unveiled to the public for the first time at the Michelin Challenge Bibendum in Shanghai, October 12-14, 2004. From the outside, the Volvo 3CC has an iconic funky-cool tapered shape designed to make a dynamic statement that nonetheless is unmistakably Volvo. Under the hood is an electric powertrain that quietly propels the Volvo 3CC to a governed top speed of over 135 km/h (85 mph) and delivers zero to 100 km/h (62 mph) acceleration in approximately ten seconds – with zero emissions! Just 3899 mm (153. 5 in. ) long, 1624 mm (64 in. ) wide and 1321 mm (52 in. ) high, the Volvo 3CC has dimensions similar to a classic 2-seater sports car – but that is where similarities end. For the sporty vehicle packs a surprise: a unique two-plus-one configuration, providing seating for two adults in the front and a unique rear seat solution for an additional adult or two children. This 3-seat configuration provides a unique experience with regards to the occupants communication, unprecedented rear occupants comfort and all-around visibility for all passengers. With the Volvo 3CC, Volvo Cars is pioneering a new way of looking at mobility so future generations can enjoy the same freedoms the car has given my generation. We believe it is necessary to show new ways to reduce pollution and congestion,† says Lars Erik Lundin, Vice President General Manager of the Volvo Monitoring and Concept Center VMCC. The Volvo 3CC is the brainchild of the designers, engineers and business people at the Volvo Monitoring and Concept Center think-tank in California. Their task was to create a `future-proof concept? that would enhance sustainable mobility. A car not only fuel-efficient, versatile, comfortable, and safe, but also exciting to drive and look at. â€Å"We want to connect in a positive way with consumers so that they say ‘I want to be seen in this car’,† Lars Erik Lundin explains. â€Å"We want to add emotional value to people’s lives by offering an environmentally compatible car that appeals to all the senses, and which people want to drive. † Despite its compactness, the Volvo 3CC has been designed to feel spacious through organic lines, and light colors. Inside, the fixed eye plane ergonomics and low profile A-pillar create a sense of openness aided by three transparent panels in the roof. As the doors open by swinging upwards, a floating dash panel slides forward to ease ingress and egress. A unique sliding seat system also assists ingress and egress to the rear seat. The pedals also adjust for individual requirements. But Volvo Car Corporations aim was not just to make the 3CC look good – they also wanted to deliver on overall sustainable mobility goals by providing excellent efficiency. Volvo has achieved this objective through good aerodynamics on a compact footprint, lightweight body materials, and an electric powertrain.

Tom Jones is a great novel of English Literature Essay -- English Lite

Tom Jones is a great novel of English Literature Tom Jones is a great novel of English Literature; it presents a dilemma raised in a humorous way. The 18th century masterpiece develops in the countryside of England at the village-like place of Summerset. Sexual temptations, moral assumptions, and unique characters make the story as captivating a creative painting from Picasso. Most important; the character of Tom Jones is very identifiable for his realistic approaches, sexual adventures, and heroic actions. The novel tells the story of a bastard child found by a wealthy man with great heart: Squire Allworthy, †the lord of the country manor†(Tom Jones the novel play, 1963). He found this infant in the sheets of his bed one night as he prepared to sleep. This is of course Tom Jones. As a growing kid, Tom gets himself in trouble all the time with the unwelcome help of Master Blifil (Allworthy’s sister’s son with evil, greedy Captain Blifil). Tom is a child of great heart and passion. However, anything Tom ever does seems wrong and punishable because Blifil and his t...

Chi-Square Test

Chi-Square Test Chi-square is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we would expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis. For example, if, according to Mendel's laws, you expected 10 of 20 offspring from a cross to be male and the actual observed number was 8 males, then you might want to know about the â€Å"goodness to fit† between the observed and expected. Were the deviations (differences between observed and expected) the result of chance, or were they due to other factors.How much deviation can occur before you, the investigator, must conclude that something other than chance is at work, causing the observed to differ from the expected. The chi-square test is always testing what scientists call the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant difference between the expected and observed result. The formula for calculating chi-square ( [pic]2) is: [pic]2= [pic](o-e)2/e That is, chi-square is the sum of the squared differ ence between observed (o) and the expected (e) data (or the deviation, d), divided by the expected data in all possible categories.For example, suppose that a cross between two pea plants yields a population of 880 plants, 639 with green seeds and 241 with yellow seeds. You are asked to propose the genotypes of the parents. Your hypothesis is that the allele for green is dominant to the allele for yellow and that the parent plants were both heterozygous for this trait. If your hypothesis is true, then the predicted ratio of offspring from this cross would be 3:1 (based on Mendel's laws) as predicted from the results of the Punnett square (Figure B. ). Figure B. 1 – Punnett Square. Predicted offspring from cross between green and yellow-seeded plants. Green (G) is dominant (3/4 green; 1/4 yellow). To calculate [pic]2 , first determine the number expected in each category. If the ratio is 3:1 and the total number of observed individuals is 880, then the expected numerical value s should be 660 green and 220 yellow. [pic] Chi-square requires that you use numerical values, not percentages or ratios. [pic] Then calculate [pic]2 using this formula, as shown in Table B. . Note that we get a value of 2. 668 for [pic]2. But what does this number mean? Here's how to interpret the [pic]2 value: 1. Determine degrees of freedom (df). Degrees of freedom can be calculated as the number of categories in the problem minus 1. In our example, there are two categories (green and yellow); therefore, there is I degree of freedom. 2. Determine a relative standard to serve as the basis for accepting or rejecting the hypothesis. The relative standard commonly used in biological research is p ; 0. 05.The p value is the probability that the deviation of the observed from that expected is due to chance alone (no other forces acting). In this case, using p ; 0. 05, you would expect any deviation to be due to chance alone 5% of the time or less. 3. Refer to a chi-square distribution table (Table B. 2). Using the appropriate degrees of ‘freedom, locate the value closest to your calculated chi-square in the table. Determine the closestp (probability) value associated with your chi-square and degrees of freedom. In this case ([pic]2=2. 68), the p value is about 0. 10, which means that there is a 10% probability that any deviation from expected results is due to chance only. Based on our standard p > 0. 05, this is within the range of acceptable deviation. In terms of your hypothesis for this example, the observed chi-squareis not significantly different from expected. The observed numbers are consistent with those expected under Mendel's law. Step-by-Step Procedure for Testing Your Hypothesis and Calculating Chi-Square 1. State the hypothesis being tested and the predicted results.Gather the data by conducting the proper experiment (or, if working genetics problems, use the data provided in the problem). 2. Determine the expected numbers for each observation al class. Remember to use numbers, not percentages. [pic] Chi-square should not be calculated if the expected value in any category is less than 5. [pic] 3. Calculate [pic]2 using the formula. Complete all calculations to three significant digits. Round off your answer to two significant digits. 4. Use the chi-square distribution table to determine significance of the value. . Determine degrees of freedom and locate the value in the appropriate column. b. Locate the value closest to your calculated [pic]2 on that degrees of freedom df row. c. Move up the column to determine the p value. 5. State your conclusion in terms of your hypothesis. a. If the p value for the calculated [pic]2 is p ; 0. 05, accept your hypothesis. ‘The deviation is small enough that chance alone accounts for it. A p value of 0. 6, for example, means that there is a 60% probability that any deviation from expected is due to chance only.This is within the range of acceptable deviation. b. If the p value fo r the calculated [pic]2 is p < 0. 05, reject your hypothesis, and conclude that some factor other than chance is operating for the deviation to be so great. For example, a p value of 0. 01 means that there is only a 1% chance that this deviation is due to chance alone. Therefore, other factors must be involved. The chi-square test will be used to test for the â€Å"goodness to fit† between observed and expected data from several laboratory investigations in this lab manual. Table B. 1 Calculating Chi-Square    |Green |Yellow | |Observed (o) |639 |241 | |Expected (e) |660 |220 | |Deviation (o – e) |-21 |21 | |Deviation2 (d2) |441 |441 | |d2/e |0. 68 |2 | |[pic]2 = [pic]d2/e = 2. 668 |. |. | Table B. 2 Chi-Square Distribution |Degrees of | | |Freedom |Probability (p) | |(df) | | |   |0. 95 |0. 90 | Source: R. A. Fisher and F. Yates, Statistical Tables for Biological Agricultural and Medical Research, 6th ed. , Table IV, Oliver & Boyd, Ltd. , Edinburgh, by permissi on of the authors and publishers.Main Page | Introduction and Objectives | Scientific Investigation | Experimental Procedures | Writing Procedures | Mendelian Inheritance |   Monohybrid and Dihybrid Exercises | Reference | Miscellaneous | Scientific Writing | Chi-Square Test | Graphing Techniques Chi-Square Test Chi-square is a statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we would expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis. For example, if, according to Mendel's laws, you expected 10 of 20 offspring from a cross to be male and the actual observed number was 8 males, then you might want to know about the â€Å"goodness to fit† between the observed and expected. Were the deviations (differences between observed and expected) the result of chance, or were they due to other factors.How much deviation can occur before you, the investigator, must conclude that something other than chance is at work, causing the observed to differ from the expected. T he chi-square test is always testing what scientists call the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant difference between the expected and observed result. The formula for calculating chi-square ( [pic]2) is: [pic]2= [pic](o-e)2/e That is, chi-square is the sum of the squared difference between observed (o) and the expected (e) data (or the deviation, d), divided by the expected data in all possible categories. For example, suppose that a cross between two pea plants yields a population of 880 plants, 639 with green seeds and 241 with yellow seeds. You are asked to propose the genotypes of the parents.Your hypothesis is that the allele for green is dominant to the allele for yellow and that the parent plants were both heterozygous for this trait. If your hypothesis is true, then the predicted ratio of offspring from this cross would be 3:1 (based on Mendel's laws) as predicted from the results of the Punnett square (Figure B. 1). Figure B. 1 – Punnett Square . Predicted offspring from cross between green and yellow-seeded plants. Green (G) is dominant (3/4 green; 1/4 yellow). To calculate [pic]2 , first determine the number expected in each category. If the ratio is 3:1 and the total number of observed individuals is 880, then the expected numerical values should be 660 green and 220 yellow. [pic]Chi-square requires that you use numerical values, not percentages or ratios. [pic] Then calculate [pic]2 using this formula, as shown in Table B. 1. Note that we get a value of 2. 668 for [pic]2. But what does this number mean? Here's how to interpret the [pic]2 value: 1. Determine degrees of freedom (df). Degrees of freedom can be calculated as the number of categories in the problem minus 1. In our example, there are two categories (green and yellow); therefore, there is I degree of freedom. 2. Determine a relative standard to serve as the basis for accepting or rejecting the hypothesis. The relative standard commonly used in biological rese arch is p ; 0. 05.The p value is the probability that the deviation of the observed from that expected is due to chance alone (no other forces acting). In this case, using p ; 0. 05, you would expect any deviation to be due to chance alone 5% of the time or less. 3. Refer to a chi-square distribution table (Table B. 2). Using the appropriate degrees of ‘freedom, locate the value closest to your calculated chi-square in the table. Determine the closestp (probability) value associated with your chi-square and degrees of freedom. In this case ([pic]2=2. 668), the p value is about 0. 10, which means that there is a 10% probability that any deviation from expected results is due to chance only. Based on our standard p > 0. 05, this is within the range of acceptable deviation.In terms of your hypothesis for this example, the observed chi-squareis not significantly different from expected. The observed numbers are consistent with those expected under Mendel's law. Step-by-Step Proced ure for Testing Your Hypothesis and Calculating Chi-Square 1. State the hypothesis being tested and the predicted results. Gather the data by conducting the proper experiment (or, if working genetics problems, use the data provided in the problem). 2. Determine the expected numbers for each observational class. Remember to use numbers, not percentages. [pic] Chi-square should not be calculated if the expected value in any category is less than 5. [pic] 3.Calculate [pic]2 using the formula. Complete all calculations to three significant digits. Round off your answer to two significant digits. 4. Use the chi-square distribution table to determine significance of the value. a. Determine degrees of freedom and locate the value in the appropriate column. b. Locate the value closest to your calculated [pic]2 on that degrees of freedom df row. c. Move up the column to determine the p value. 5. State your conclusion in terms of your hypothesis. a. If the p value for the calculated [pic]2 is p ; 0. 05, accept your hypothesis. ‘The deviation is small enough that chance alone accounts for it. A p value of 0. , for example, means that there is a 60% probability that any deviation from expected is due to chance only. This is within the range of acceptable deviation. b. If the p value for the calculated [pic]2 is p < 0. 05, reject your hypothesis, and conclude that some factor other than chance is operating for the deviation to be so great. For example, a p value of 0. 01 means that there is only a 1% chance that this deviation is due to chance alone. Therefore, other factors must be involved. The chi-square test will be used to test for the â€Å"goodness to fit† between observed and expected data from several laboratory investigations in this lab manual. Table B. 1 Calculating Chi-Square    |Green |Yellow | |Observed (o) |639 |241 | |Expected (e) |660 |220 | |Deviation (o – e) |-21 |21 | |Deviation2 (d2) |441 |441 | |d2/e |0. 68 |2 | |[pic]2 = [pic] d2/e = 2. 668 |. |. | Table B. 2 Chi-Square Distribution |Degrees of | | |Freedom |Probability (p) | |(df) | | |   |0. 95 |0. 90 | Frequency DistributionsOne important set of statistical tests allows us to test for deviations of observed frequencies from expected frequencies. To introduce these tests, we will start with a simple, non-biological example. We want to determine if a coin is fair. In other words, are the odds of flipping the coin heads-up the same as tails-up. We collect data by flipping the coin 200 times. The coin landed heads-up 108 times and tails-up 92 times. At first glance, we might suspect that the coin is biased because heads resulted more often than than tails. However, we have a more quantitative way to analyze our results, a chi-squared test. To perform a chi-square test (or any other statistical test), we first must establish our null hypothesis.In this example, our null hypothesis is that the coin should be equally likely to land head-up or tails-up ev ery time. The null hypothesis allows us to state expected frequencies. For 200 tosses, we would expect 100 heads and 100 tails. The next step is to prepare a table as follows. |   |Heads |Tails |Total | |Observed |108 |92 |200 | |Expected |100 |100 |200 | |Total |208 |192 |400 |The Observed values are those we gather ourselves. The expected values are the frequencies expected, based on our null hypothesis. We total the rows and columns as indicated. It's a good idea to make sure that the row totals equal the column totals (both total to 400 in this example). Using probability theory, statisticians have devised a way to determine if a frequency distribution differs from the expected distribution. To use this chi-square test, we first have to calculate chi-squared. Chi-squared = ? (observed-expected)2/(expected) We have two classes to consider in this example, heads and tails. Chi-squared = (100-108)2/100 + (100-92)2/100 = (-8)2/100 + (8)2/100 = 0. 4 + 0. 64 = 1. 28 Now we have to c onsult a table of critical values of the chi-squared distribution. Here is a portion of such a table. |df/prob. | Types of Data: There are basically two types of random variables and they yield two types of data: numerical and categorical. A chi square (X2) statistic is used to investigate whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another. Basically categorical variable yield data in the categories and numerical variables yield data in numerical form. Responses to such questions as â€Å"What is your major? † or Do you own a car? † are categorical because they yield data such as â€Å"biology† or â€Å"no. In contrast, responses to such questions as â€Å"How tall are you? † or â€Å"What is your G. P. A.? † are numerical. Numerical data can be either discrete or continuous. The table below may help you see the differences between these two variables. |  Data Type |  Question Type |Possible Responses | |  Categorical |  What is your sex? |male or female | |  Numerical |Disrete- How many cars do you own? |two or three | |  Numerical |Continuous – How tall are you? |  72 inches | Notice that discrete data arise fom a counting process, while continuous data arise from a measuring process.The Chi Square statistic compares the tallies or counts of categorical responses between two (or more) independent groups. (note: Chi square tests can only be used on actual numbers and not on percentages, proportions, means, etc. ) 2 x 2 Contingency Table There are several types of chi square tests depending on the way the data was collected and the hypothesis being tested. We'll begin with the simplest case: a 2 x 2 contingency table. If we set the 2 x 2 table to the general notation shown below in Table 1, using the letters a, b, c, and d to denote the contents of the cells, then we would have the following table: Table 1. General notation for a 2 x 2 contingency table. Variable 1   Variable 2 |   Data type 1 |  Data type 2 |  Totals | |  Category 1 |  a |b |a + b | |  Category 2 |  c |d |c + d | |  Total |a + c |b + d |a + b + c + d = N | For a 2 x 2 contingency table the Chi Square statistic is calculated by the formula: [pic] Note: notice that the four components of the denominator are the four totals from the table columns and rows. Suppose you conducted a drug trial on a group of animals and you hypothesized that the animals receiving the drug would show increased heart rates compared to those that did not receive the drug.You conduct the study and collect the following data: Ho: The proportion of animals whose heart rate increased is independent of drug treatment. Ha: The proportion of animals whose heart rate increased is associated with drug treatment. Table 2. Hypothetical drug trial results. |   |  Heart  Rate |  No  Heart  Rate |Total | | |  Increased |  Increase | | |  Treated |  36 |  14 |  50 | |  Not treated |  30 |   25 |  55 | |  Total |  66 |  39 |  105 | Applying the formula above we get:Chi square = 105[(36)(25) – (14)(30)]2 / (50)(55)(39)(66) = 3. 418 Before we can proceed we eed to know how many degrees of freedom we have. When a comparison is made between one sample and another, a simple rule is that the degrees of freedom equal (number of columns minus one) x (number of rows minus one) not counting the totals for rows or columns. For our data this gives (2-1) x (2-1) = 1. We now have our chi square statistic (x2 = 3. 418), our predetermined alpha level of significance (0. 05), and our degrees of freedom (df  =  1). Entering the Chi square distribution table with 1 degree of freedom and reading along the row we find our value of x2 (3. 418) lies between 2. 706 and 3. 841.The corresponding probability is between the 0. 10 and 0. 05 probability levels. That means that the p-value is above 0. 05 (it is actually 0. 065). Since a p-value of 0. 65 is greater than the conven tionally accepted significance level of 0. 05 (i. e. p  >  0. 05) we fail to reject the null hypothesis. In other words, there is no statistically significant difference in the proportion of animals whose heart rate increased. What would happen if the number of control animals whose heart rate increased dropped to 29 instead of 30 and, consequently, the number of controls whose hear rate did not increase changed from 25 to 26? Try it. Notice that the new x2 value is 4. 25 and this value exceeds the table value of 3. 841 (at 1 degree of freedom and an alpha level of 0. 05). This means that p < 0. 05 (it is now0. 04) and we reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis – the heart rate of animals is different between the treatment groups. When p < 0. 05 we generally refer to this as a significant difference. Table 3. Chi Square distribution table. probability level (alpha) |Df |0. 5 |0. 10 |0. 05 | |  A |  10 |  42 |  52 | |  a |  33 |  15 |  48 | |  Totals |  43 |  57 |  100 |The penotypic ratio 85 of the A type and 15 of the a-type (homozygous recessive). In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygotes, however, we would have predicted a 3:1 ratio of phenotypes. In other words, we would have expected to get 75 A-type and 25 a-type. Are or resuls different? [pic] Calculate the chi square statistic x2 by completing the following steps: 1. For each observed number in the table subtract the corresponding expected number (O — E). 2. Square the difference [ (O —E)2 ]. 3. Divide the squares obtained for each cell in the table by the expected number for that cell [ (O – E)2 / E ]. 4. Sum all the values for (O – E)2 / E. This is the chi square statistic. For our example, the calculation would be:    |Observed |Expected |(O — E) |(O — E)2 |(O — E)2/ E | |a-type |15 |25 |10 |100 |4. 0 | |Total |100 |100 |   |   | Suppose you have the following categorical data se t. Table . Incidence of three types of malaria in three tropical regions. |   |  Asia |Africa |South America |Totals | |  14 |  23. 04 |  9. 04 |81. 72 |3. 546 | |  45 |  36. 00 |  9. 00 |81. 00 |2. 5 | |  2 |  20. 64 |  18. 64 |347. 45 |16. 83 | |  5 |  15. 36 |  10. 36 |107. 33 |6. 99 | |  53 |  24. 00 |  29. 00 |841. 00 |35. 04 | |  53 |  34. 40 |  18. 60 |345. 96 |10. 06 | |  45 |  25. 60 |  19. 40 |376. 36 |14. 70 | |  2 |  40. 00 |  38. 00 |  1444. 00 |36. 10 | Chi Square = 125. 516 Degrees of Freedom = (c – 1)(r – 1) = 2(2) = 4 Table 3.Chi Square distribution table. probability level (alpha) Df |0. 5 |0. 10 |0. 05 |0. 02 |0. 01 |0. 001 | |1 |0. 455 |2. 706 |3. 841 |5. 412 |6. 635 |10. 827 | |2 |1. 386 |4. 605 |5. 991 |7. 824 |9. 210 |13. 815 | |3 |2. 366 |6. 251 |7. 815 |9. 837 |11. 345 |16. 268 | |4 |3. 357 |7. 779 |9. 488 |11. 668 |13. 277 |18. 465 | |5 |4. 351 |9. 236 |11. 070 |13. 388 |15. 086 |20. 517 | |Reject Ho because 125. 516 is greater than 9. 488 (for alpha ’ 0. 05) Thus, we would reject the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between location and type of malaria. Our data tell us there is a relationship between type of malaria and location, but that's all it says.Follow the link below to access a java-based program for calculating Chi Square statistics for contingency tables of up to 9 rows by 9 columns. Enter the number of row and colums in the spaces provided on the page and click the submit button. A new form will appear asking you to enter your actual data into the cells of the contingency table. When finished entering your data, click the â€Å"calculate now† button to see the results of your Chi Square analysis. You may wish to print this last page to keep as a record. Chi Square, This page was created as part of the Mathbeans Project. The java applets were created by David Eck and modified by Jim Ryan. The Mathbeans Project is funded by a gran t from the National Science Foundation DUE-9950473.

Relationship Between Listening And Critical Thinking

The Relationship Between Listening and Critical Thinking My fiancà © and I have been together for two years and I know him very well. I know his likes, I know his dislikes, I know his fears, I know what he loves, but most important I know when he is not listening to me. When we first started dating I never really picked up on it and I was just so happy to have him with me that when he gave a â€Å"yea† or a â€Å"mhm† that I figured he was listening carefully and attentively to every little thing I said. It wasn’t until we were further into the relationship that I began to notice his lack of eye contact with me while the TV was on or how he rarely tuned his head in my direction when he was on his phone, that’s when I became wise. Instead of competing with the bangles or his phone for his attention I decided I would compete with my fiancà © himself. I began asking follow up questions to what I just said and sometimes I wouldn’t say anything at all and ask him if he agrees with me. 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